Large language models do not just learn patterns. They memorize. And once data is memorized, there is no reliable way to make it forget. A model that just learns patterns is quite different from one that memorises. The former learns the pattern "emails about financial transactions typically discuss amounts in dollars," for example, and extracts structural knowledge from training data without storing anyone's actual financial information. The latter memorizes and has encoded s

A philosopher at Cambridge published a paper in 2025 arguing something that might seem obvious to most people but actually isn't. We have no way to know whether an artificial intelligence system has become conscious, and we probably won't develop one for a very long time, if ever ( Cambridge, 2025 ). This is not because consciousness is impossible in machines. It is because consciousness is so poorly understood in biological systems that building a test for it anywhere, organ

The traditional path to discovering a new battery material involves chemists coming up with a hypothesis, synthesizing a compound, and then testing it. The result informs the next hypothesis, and so on and so forth. If they are efficient, they might test a few dozen compounds per year. The discovery of lithium-ion batteries had taken decades of this iterative work. In 2025, Microsoft and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory approached the problem differently. They used